A panoramic view of Wadi Rum, also known as 'The Valley of the Moon', but the protected desert wilderness in southern Jordan resembles even more the red landscape of Mars, the area has been used as a background setting in a number of science fiction films set on Mars.
Image: David Bjorgen
Exploring Jordan: A Gem in the Heart of the Middle East
Jordan, officially known as the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, stands as a remarkable destination nestled in the Middle East. This fascinating country lies east of the well-known Israel and is strategically positioned at the crossroads of Asia, Africa, and Europe. Jordan shares its borders with several nations including Iraq, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and a segment of the Palestinian territories, specifically the West Bank. Additionally, Jordan boasts maritime borders with Egypt, enhancing its geographic significance.
While Jordan appears almost landlocked, it offers access to the Gulf of Aqaba, a small outlet to the Red Sea located in the south. Impressively, the country encompasses the Dead Sea, which holds the title of Earth's lowest elevation at 430.5 meters below sea level. The remarkable landscapes of Jordan largely feature the vast Arabian Desert, captivating visitors with its arid beauty. Covering an area of 89,342 square kilometers, Jordan is slightly smaller than Portugal, and it bears a size resemblance to the U.S. state of Indiana.
A Diverse Population and Cultural Heritage
According to 2017 data, Jordan hosts a population of approximately 9.9 million people, including a significant number of refugees from the Syrian Civil War. Amman, the nation's capital and largest city, is home to around 1.5 million residents, while the Greater Amman Municipality accommodates nearly 4 million individuals, representing almost half of the country's total populace. Arabic, designated as the official language, resonates throughout the nation, showcasing the rich linguistic culture. Furthermore, Jordan predominantly embraces a Muslim demographic, with around 92% of its citizens identifying as Sunni Muslims, making this faith the principal religion in the country.
The Historic Context of Jordan
Jordan's journey toward independence took a significant turn in 1946 when it liberated itself from British administration. Since that pivotal moment, the country experienced a long period under the reign of King Hussein, who ruled from 1953 until 1999. Known for his pragmatic leadership, King Hussein skillfully navigated complex pressures exerted by various global powers such as the United States, the USSR, and the United Kingdom. Additionally, he managed relationships with neighboring Arab states, Israel, and the considerable Palestinian population within Jordan, all while facing the challenges of wars and coup attempts.
In 1989, he reinstated parliamentary elections, gradually embracing political liberalization. A landmark moment occurred in 1994 when Jordan signed a formal peace treaty with Israel, which further demonstrated its diplomatic commitment. Following King Hussein’s death in February 1999, his eldest son, King Abdullah II, ascended to the throne. Since taking over, King Abdullah II has worked diligently to consolidate his authority while establishing a clear set of domestic priorities, reflected notably in his ambitious economic reform program.
Jordan's Economic Landscape
Economically, Jordan does not shy away from its global connectivity. The country became a member of the World Trade Organization in January 2000, and it went on to craft free trade agreements with the United States that same year, as well as with the European Free Trade Association in 2001. This approach significantly enhanced Jordan's engagement in international trade networks.
Jordan operates under a constitutional monarchy, with its independence celebrated on May 25, 1946, and its current constitution ratified on January 8, 1952. The nation’s geographic location plays a crucial role in its climate, predominantly characterized by arid desert. However, the western part of the country experiences a rainy season, particularly from November to April, contributing vital moisture to its ecosystem.
Demographics and Ethnic Composition
When discussing the demographics of Jordan, it is important to mention that the nationality descriptor is Jordanian. As of 2012, the population was measured at 6.2 million people. The nation is primarily Arab; nevertheless, it is also home to small communities of Circassians, Armenians, and Kurds, thus enriching its cultural fabric. In terms of religion, the statistics reveal that approximately 96% of the population practices Sunni Islam, while a minority of around 4% identifies as Christian. The prevalence of Arabic as the official language showcases the country’s commitment to its linguistic heritage, while English serves as a second language in many urban areas.
Natural Resources and Agriculture
Jordan's natural resources play a critical role in its economy. The nation possesses valuable deposits of phosphates and potash, alongside reserves of shale oil. Agricultural pursuits yield a variety of products, including wheat, barley, citrus fruits, tomatoes, melons, olives, and livestock such as sheep, goats, and poultry. Such variety underscores the agrarian potential within this arid landscape.
Key Industries and Economic Partners
Industries in Jordan encompass a spectrum of sectors including phosphate mining, pharmaceuticals, petroleum refining, cement production, potash extraction, light manufacturing, and tourism. The economic partnerships are vital; approximately 21% of Jordan's exports head to the United States, while significant portions also flow to Saudi Arabia, Iraq, India, the UAE, and Kuwait. In 2015, these figures highlighted the importance of diverse economic relationships, evidencing Jordan’s adaptability and global reach.
The Importance of Imports
In terms of imports, Jordan heavily relies on crude oil and refined petroleum products along with machinery, transport equipment, iron, and cereals. As of 2015, Saudi Arabia emerged as a leading trading partner, contributing to 15.4% of imports, followed closely by China, the USA, Germany, and the UAE. These statistics reflect Jordan's diverse import needs necessary to support its economic growth and development.
In conclusion, Jordan remains a captivating country, rich in history, culture, and natural beauty. Its strategic location and vibrant populace contribute significantly to its unique identity within the Middle East. Indeed, exploring Jordan reveals a land steeped in tradition while simultaneously embracing modernity, making it a fascinating destination for travelers and scholars alike.
Petra: The Rose City Petra, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is an ancient city carved into red sandstone rock, known for its archaeological significance and breathtaking beauty.
The Dead Sea The Dead Sea, the lowest point on Earth's surface, is renowned for its high saline concentration, allowing people to float effortlessly and its therapeutic mud.
Mount Nebo Mount Nebo is believed to be the site where Moses viewed the Promised Land before his death, and it offers stunning panoramic views of the Jordan Valley.
Diverse Culture Jordan is home to a rich mosaic of cultures and traditions, influenced by its Bedouin heritage and the many civilizations that have inhabited the region over centuries.
Hospitality and Tourism Jordan is famous for its hospitality, often described as one of the most welcoming countries in the Middle East, making it a popular destination for tourists.
Largest cities of: Jordan
| City Name | Population | Year of foundation | |
| Amman | 4,000,000 | 7240 B | |
| Zarqa | 1,000,000 | e.g. 45 | |
| Irbid | 500,000 | 635 | |
| Russeifa | 400,000 | 1950 | |
| Ajloun | 140,000 | 1184 | |
| Madaba | 100,000 | 4000 B | |
| Salt | 100,000 | circa 3000 B | |
| Karak | 30,000 | circa 6000 B |
Jordan: Money
